Y8: 3-11. Reformation – Performances

Year 8A & Year 8B

Today you are going to show the result of your project on the Reformation to the rest of the class!

Follow the instructions step by step:

1.

Show your assessment project…

You will be asked to:

  • perform your plays…
  • do your speeches…
  • show your project videos…

2.

–(still to be uploaded)–

3.

Complete the task on p.61

4.

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Y8: 3-10. Assessment Tasks

Year 8A & Year 8B

Today you are going to test your knowledge on the Reformation…

Follow the instructions step by step:

1.

Test

Time!

First we are going to write a short test on “The Reformation in Europe”.

2.

Complete one of the following options as an assessment task in your purple book…

(Make sure you also look at the details for the task that you choose to do!)

Religion in Europe. (p.50)

Martin Luther. (p.51)

The Break with Rome. (p.56)

Church of England. (p.62)

3.

Your assessment task is due one week from now!

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Y8: 3-9. Elizabeth I

Year 8A & Year 8B

Today you are going to learn how Queen Elizabeth I made England Protestant again…

Follow the instructions step by step:

1.

Mark the questions on “The Break with Rome, p.56”.

(You need to swipe the slides to the left to navigate through the answers.)

2.

Elizabeth I’s reign was complicated by religious matters! It even posed a threat to her position as Queen of England, despite her efforts to please both Protestants and Catholics… Watch the video below to see why.

Elizabethan Religious Settlement. (3:49 minutes long)

3.

Elizabeth was advised to authorize the execution of Mary Queen of Scots in order to secure her reign. It appears that Elizabeth was plagued by her decision to have Mary Queen of Scots executed for the rest of her life…

FULL: Mary Queen of Scott’s Execution SceneThe Execution of Mary Queen of Scots. (3:50 minutes long)

4.

Fill in the missing information on the notes on Elizabeth I (p.55).

5.

Mark your fill-in notes on Elizabeth I:

&

(2:11 minutes long)

6.

In an attempt to secure her position and at the same time please her subjects, Elizabeth I passed the Act of Supremacy and the Act of Uniformity. Together they are known as the Elizabethan Religious Settlement. Passing these laws was a difficult decision for Elizabeth…

Elizabethan Act of Uniformity. (3:00 minutes long)

7.

Fill in the missing information on the notes about the “Elizabethan Religious Settlement”, on p.60.

SOLUTION:

Download Downward Arrow Gif | PNG & GIF BASE

8.

Use the rest of the lesson to work on your assessment project…

9.

This one is not for the faint hearted…!!

Mary Stewart execution. (6:16 minutes long)

And here is an interesting account of the execution…

Mary Queen of Scots, a brutal beheading. (4:31 minutes long)

Elizabeth I (1533-1603) Queen of England. (3:59 minutes long)

The Elizabethan Religious settlement. (5:48 minutes long)

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Y8: 3-8. Mary I

Year 8A & Year 8B

Today you are going to look at how Mary I made England Roman Catholic again…

Follow the instructions step by step:

1.

If you have completed this task…

Task 4 on p.38-39.

2.

Fill in the missing information on the notes on Mary I (p.54).

3.

Mark your fill-in notes on Mary I:

&

(1:27 minutes long)

4.

Fill in the missing information about Mary I in the first paragraph on p.60. (I.e. only the information titled “Back to Rome”.)

5.

Now, answer the three questions (in the middle of p.60) in full sentences in your purple book.

“Back to Rome, p.60”

6.

Mark the questions on “Back to Rome, p.60”.

(You need to swipe the slides to the left to navigate through the answers.)

7.

Use the rest of the lesson to work on your assessment project…

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Y8: 3-7. Edward VI

Year 8A & Year 8B

Today you are going to:

  • Learn about the reign of Edward VI
  • Complete the tasks on Henry VIII’s break with Rome…

Follow the instructions step by step:

1.

Henry VIII died on 28 January 1547.

His son, Edward, succeeded him as king.

Fill in the missing information on the notes on Edward VI (p.53).

2.

Mark your fill-in notes on Edward VI:

&

(1:04 minutes long)

3.

Use the rest of the lesson to work on your assessment project…

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Y8: 3-6. Reformation Project – continued

Year 8A & Year 8B

Today you are going to:

  • complete the tasks on Henry VIII’s break with Rome…
  • work on your project…

Follow the instructions step by step:

1.

If you have completed this task…

Task 3 on p.36-37.

2.

Let’s see what else you can learn about Henry VIII…

History vs. Henry VIII – Mark Robinson and Alex Gendler. (5:24 minutes long)

3.

Make sure that you have completed the following two tasks from the previous lesson:

-1-

Do the task on “Jobs that monks did”, p.58.

Source 19 (p.48) may be useful in this task…

-2-

Write the “Report on a monastery”, p.59.

Source 19 (p.48), source 22 (p.57), source 23 (p.57), and source 25 (p.57) may all be useful in this task, as well as the information below…

4.

Use the rest of the lesson to work on your project…

5.

Go to p.56 in your Workbook and read through all the questions on “The Break with Rome“.

To test your knowledge and understanding, complete the following tasks on Henry VIII’s “Break with Rome”

“The Break with Rome, p.56”

Please take note:

You may choose to complete:

EITHER: Questions 1-8

(Take Note: Q-5 and Q-6 need longer answers!!)

OR: Questions 9-14

(Take Note: Q-13 has sub-questions & Question 15 needs a longer answer!!)

Read the questions carefully before you decide which ones to do.

The information on p.47 will help…

The sources about monks (Sources 19 & 20), on p.48, may also help…

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Y8: 3-6. Reformation Project

Year 8A & Year 8B

Today we are going to start with your project on the Reformation…

Follow the instructions step by step:

1.

First, look at your test result (Homework-9) and also see where you have perhaps lost marks:

2.

Previously you chose between the following project assessment tasks:

You may use the rest of this lesson to work on your project…

Here are some useful details:

SPEECH

You need to prepare (and deliver) a short speech, telling the class about the Reformation.

Choose between the following topics:

  • Religion in Europe before the Reformation
  • Martin Luther
  • Henry VIII and the break with Rome
  • Mary I made England Roman Catholic again
  • Elizabeth I made England Protestant again

For this task you will be assessed as follows:

DRAMA

You need to prepare a performance of a Reformation play (to perform the play in front of the class).

You will be provided with one of the following plays:

Religion before the Reformation

Martin Luther

Henry VIII & his 6 Wives

Henry VIII – Break with Rome

Mary I – Back to Rome

Elizabeth I

For this task you will be assessed as follows:

VIDEO

You need to make a short video, about an aspect of the Reformation, to show to the class.

Choose between the following topics:

  • Religion in Europe before the Reformation
  • Martin Luther
  • Henry VIII and the break with Rome
  • Mary I made England Roman Catholic again
  • Elizabeth I made England Protestant again

For this task you will be assessed as follows:

3.

Go to p.51 in your Workbook and read through all the questions on Martin Luther.

Now you are going to answer some of these questions to test your knowledge and understanding.

“Martin Luther, p.51”

Please take note:

You may choose to complete:

EITHER: the odd numbers (Q-1, Q-3, Q-5, Q-7, Q-9, Q-11, Q-13)

OR: the even numbers (Q-2, Q-4, Q-6, Q-8, Q-10, Q-12, Q-14)

Read the questions carefully before you decide which ones to do.

Here is a little bit of help with Question 14:

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Y8: 3-4. Henry VIII

Year 8A & Year 8B

Today you are going to learn more about the reformation in England…

Follow the instructions step by step:

1.

If you have completed this task…

Task 2 on p.34-35.

2.

As an introduction, let’s see what we can learn about Henry VIII and his six wives…!!

The Six Wives of Henry VIII Explained 9 Minutes. (9:31 minutes long)

3.

Let’s read the following play together, to learn more about the six wives of Henry VIII:

Henry VIII

Catherine of Aragon

Anne Boleyn

Jane Seymour

Anne of Cleves

Catherine Howard

Catherine Parr

4.

Fill in the missing information on the notes on Henry VIII (p.52).

5.

Mark your fill-in notes on Henry VIII:

&

(2:33 minutes long)

6.

Henry VIII had all monasteries and nunneries closed. He broke away from the Roman Catholic Church and did not want these religious houses to still be loyal to the Pope. Moreover, by closing them, Henry VIII could take the wealth of the religious houses. Here are a few more details regarding the inspection and closure of religious houses during this time. (This information is also on p.59 in your workbook.)

7.

Read the sources on p.57 – they provide additional information about the religious houses. Then complete the box on p.57, to explain why these sources are all Primary sources of evidence.

SOLUTION:

Sources 22, 23 and 25 are Primary sources of evidence, because: these sources originate from the time of the Reformation in England. So, it is evidence gained from the period being studied.

8.

Do the task on “Jobs that monks did”, p.58.

Source 19 (p.48) may be useful in this task…

9.

Do the task on a “Report on a monastery”, p.59.

10.

Read the following article about Henry VIII and the “break with Rome”.

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Y8: 3-3. Religion in England

Year 8A & Year 8B

Today you are going to learn more about the reformation in England…

Follow the instructions step by step:

1.

So, what about the Reformation in England? The following video tells you more about the reform of the church in England…

The Reformation in England. (2:16 minutes long)

2.

Read p.47

3.

Also…

The sources about monks (Sources 19 & 20), p.48

4.

Henry VIII died on 28 January 1547.

On This Day: 28 January 1547 Death of Henry VIII. (2:58 minutes long)

5.

When Henry VIII died, his son Edward succeeded him as king. Here is a short biography of Edward VI…

Edward VI – 60 Second History. (0:59 minutes long)

6.

Edward VI…p.48

7.

The story of Lady Jane Grey is interesting… She never wanted to be queen in the first place! The following videos tell you a little more about Edward VI and also about Lady Jane Grey.

How Lady Jane Gray became Queen. (1:42 minutes long)

King Edward VI (1537-1553). (2:53 minutes long)

Story of Lady Jane Grey | Terrible Tudors | Horrible Histories. (2:48 minutes long)

8.

Even though Lady Jane Grey was nominated by Edward VI as his successor, it was Edward’s older sister, Mary, who was crowned as Queen. (Henry VIII nominated Mary as successor to Edward.)

Let’s see what we can learn about Mary Tudor, the eldest daughter of Henry VIII…

Mary Tudor – Queen of England | Biography. (3:08 minutes long)

9.

The information about Mary I, in the 2nd column on p.48

10.

When Mary I died, Henry VIII’s youngest daughter Elizabeth succeeded her as Queen of England. Let’s see what we can learn about Queen Elizabeth…

On This Day: 15 January 1559 The Coronation of Elizabeth I. (2:52 minutes long)

11.

Elizabeth I’s reign was complicated by religious matters! It even posed a threat to her position as Queen of England, despite her efforts to please both Protestants and Catholics…At first Elizabeth allowed did not suppress Roman Catholic worship, but then it became apparent that catholics may pose a treat to her throne, as many Catholics preferred Elizabeth’s cousin as Queen! Her name was Mary Stuart, and she was the Queen of Scotland… Let’s look at a very brief History of Mary Stuart, also known as Mary Queens of Scots…

Mary, Queen of Scots – mini biography. (2:45 minutes long)

12.

“Elizabeth I (1558-1603)”, p.49

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Y11: 4-4. Paper 2 Exam Preparation – IV

Today we will look at typical Paper 2 exam questions, in preparation for your Paper 2 examination…

We will:

  • analyse exam questions
  • analyse sources
  • plan essay answers
  • write essay answers

Your homework for today was to revise the “Soviet Control over Eastern Europe” topic…

1.

If not marked in the previous lesson, here is a possible answer to question 5:

2.

So, let’s work on the final Paper 2 exam question on Poland and Solidarity:

Question 6

3.

Source I has not been used in previous questions in this exam paper. So, here is a possible analysis of the information in Source I, with relevant points underlined.

4.

Look at the following video clip. It gives brief advice on how to answer this type of source question, that requires the use of all the sources in the Paper 2 exam paper:

Paper 2 Advice – Part 5. (2:26 minutes long)

5.

Here is further step by step advice for answering the final question of Paper 2:

6.

Now answer the question.

It should take you about 25 minutes to answer this question…

7.

Complete the above question at home, if necessary.

8.

9.

Complete Question 6 of this Paper 2 exam paper!

It is very important that you hand this question in on time for assessment. If not, I will not be able to give you feedback on your answer!

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Y11: 4-3. Paper 2 Exam Preparation – III

Today we will look at typical Paper 2 exam questions, in preparation for your Paper 2 examination…

We will:

  • analyse exam questions
  • analyse sources
  • plan essay answers
  • write essay answers

Your homework for today was to complete Question 2 of the Paper 2 exam paper on “Soviet Control over Eastern Europe”

1.

This is the question that you had to complete at home:

2.

Here is a possible analysis of the information, with relevant points underlined as well as short annotations.

3.

4.

Let’s now work on the following Paper 2 exam question on Poland and Solidarity:

Question 4

5.

Carefully read and analyse the information. Also underline relevant points and make short annotations in the margin if necessary.

6.

Now answer the question.

It should take you about 16 minutes to answer this question…

7.

8.

We will now work on the next Paper 2 exam question on Poland and Solidarity:

Question 5

9.

Carefully read and analyse the information. Also underline relevant points and make short annotations in the margin if necessary.

10.

Now answer the question.

It should take you about 16 minutes to answer this question…

11.

12.

Continue to revise the content for your Paper 2 exam topic!

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Y11: 4-2. Paper 2 Exam Preparation – II

Today we will look at typical Paper 2 exam questions, in preparation for your Paper 2 examination…

We will:

  • analyse exam questions
  • analyse sources
  • plan essay answers
  • write essay answers

Your homework for today was to revise the “Soviet Control over Eastern Europe” topic…

1.

Giving evidence (when answering source questions) is crucially important… Below is an exercise to help you to know how to incorporate evidence in your answers.

Look at the following question and then put the possible answers in order of worst to best:

POSSIBLE ANSWERS

SOLUTION

A

This is a poor answer as it provides no evidence to back-up the statement.

E

This answer gives evidence, but the quote could be much shorter.

B

This answer gives evidence, but the quote does not “make sense” in the sentence, as it has just been added to the end of the statement.

C

This answer is good. It gives evidence, added to the end of the statement, but the way it is added is acceptable because the evidence is given in brackets.

E

This answer is the best. It gives evidence, in the form of a short quote, that forms part of the sentence. Therefore, it makes perfect sense.

2.

Let’s now work on another Paper 2 exam question on Poland and Solidarity:

Question 2

3.

Before we proceed, here is a bit more advice on answering this type of question.

Paper 2 Advice – Part 3. (1:39 minutes long)

4.

Carefully read and analyse the information. Also underline relevant points and make short annotations in the margin if necessary.

5.

Now answer the question.

It should take you about 16 minutes to answer this question…

6.

7.

Complete the following question at home:

It should take you about 16 minutes to answer this question…

8.

Before you proceed, here is a bit more advice on answering this type of question.

Paper 2 Advice – Part 4. (1:22 minutes long)

9.

Complete Question 2 of this Paper 2 exam paper!

It is very important that you hand this question in on time for assessment. If not, I will not be able to give you feedback on your answer!

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Y11: 4-1. Paper 2 Exam Preparation – I

Today we will look at typical Paper 2 exam questions, in preparation for your Paper 2 examination…

We will:

  • analyse exam questions
  • analyse sources
  • plan essay answers
  • write essay answers

Your homework for today was to revise the “Soviet Control over Eastern Europe” topic…

1.

Paper 2 is a 2-hour exam paper with 6 questions based on approximately eight sources.

The typical layout for this exam paper is shown below. There is a title (posed as a question), followed by background information, sources and questions.

Here are two example of typical Exam Questions for Paper 2…

Example 1:

Example 2:

2.

Look at the following video clip. It gives brief advice on what is expected when answering the Paper 2 source questions for IGCSE History.

Paper 2 Advice – Part 1. (6:01 minutes long)

3.

There are two options in Paper 2: a 19th Century History option, and a 20th Century History option. Each option starts with a heading posed as a question, as well as some background information. The background information simply introduce the topic.

(Do not mistaken the “background information” for “Source A”!)

As out first example, we will look at an exam paper on Soviet control of Poland: Who was to blame for the crisis in Poland in the early 1980’s?

4.

A number of sources (usually Sources A to H) follow the background information. The questions that you have to answer are at the end of all the sources.

So, let’s work on the following Paper 2 exam question on Poland and Solidarity:

Question 1

5.

Before we proceed, here is a bit more advice on answering this type of question.

Paper 2 Advice – Part 2. (1:48 minutes long)

6.

Carefully read and analyse the information. Also underline relevant points and make short annotations in the margin if necessary.

SOURCE B

7.

Now answer the question.

It should take you about 15 minutes to answer this question…

Remember that it is very important to give evidence for all the statement made in your answer! Provide evidence in the form of short quotes. If the source is an image / cartoon evidence must be given by referring to what can be seen in the image / cartoon.

8.

9.

Continue to revise the content for your Paper 2 exam topic!

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Y8: 3-2. Martin Luther

Year 8A & Year 8B

Today you are going to:

  • write a test on Cortes
  • learn more about Martin Luther

Cortes and Luther were contemporaries!

Follow the instructions step by step:

1.

Complete the test!

(This is a test on Cortes & the Aztecs, p.38-40)

2.

If you have completed this task…

Task 1 on p.32-33.

3.

“Martin Luther – the first Protestant” (p.46)

4.

Now, let’s see what else we can learn about Martin Luther and the reformation of the Roman Catholic Church.

Animated History of Martin Luther and the Reformation. (4:29 minutes long)

Martin Luther Biography. (2:02 minutes long)

5.

As part of your assessment for the topic on “The Reformation” you will do a project… Complete the form below to show what you will do for the assessment project – you need to choose between the following:

(More information / details will follow shortly.)

6.

This animated film tells the story of Martin Luther.

Martin Luther -The Animated Movie – English. (11:26 minutes long)

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Y8: 3-1. Reformation – Introduction

Year 8

Today you are going to start with the topic on The Reformation

Follow the instructions step by step:

1.

If you have completed this task…

Task 7 on p.25.

2.

The Renaissance brought many changes – one of whom involved religious changes – the so-called Reformation.

3.

We will first familiarize ourselves with some background information about religion, simply because it will help us to understand this period of history better. Let’s start with a video about the history of the Christian church.

Reformation Overview – Introduction. (3:19 minutes long)

4.

The next video tells us a bit more about religion in Europe before the Reformation.

Reformation Overview – Background. (2:23 minutes long)

5.

Now, complete the definition on p.44…

6.

Familiarize yourself regarding the way in which the Roman Catholic Church was organisation, p.45

7.

The video below also explains how the Roman Catholic Church was organised.

Church Organisation. (1:00 minute long)

8.

Let’s see what your Workbook can tell us about religion in Europe before the Reformation.

Read p.45

9.

a) Stick the title page (provided) into your purple book.

b) Now complete the annotation-boxes by copying the information below.

10.

Now, let’s test your knowledge and understanding…

“Religion in Europe, p.50”

11.

Here is a little hep with Question 8:

12.

And here are possible answers to the definitions in Question 11:

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Y10: 3-10. End of Stalin

Today we will conclude our study on Stalin’s Russia.

We will look specifically at:

  • Perceptions on Stalin’s leadership.
  • Women in Soviet Russia.

1.

Let’s see what people thought of Stalin.

2.

Here are some modern day opinions (of Russian people) on Stalin’s reign.

Russia marks Stalin anniversary. (2:53 minutes long)

What do Russians think of Stalin? – BBC News. (3:04 minutes long)

3.

Let’s see how women were treated in Soviet Russia. Read the article below. (Make sure to use it to make study notes from for your exam preparation.)

4.

This is what some people thought about life in Stalin’s Russia, at the time…

Soviet Women Remember Socialism. (4:27 minutes long)

5.

It seems that these women were satisfied with their lives under Stalin’s rule. Let’s look at a bit more information about women in Soviet Russia.

The information about “Women in the Soviet Union” , p.53-56.

6.

Here is more useful insight into Women’s Rights in the USSR.

Women’s Rights under the Soviet Union. (5:01 minutes long)

7.

Your study ends with the German invasion of the USSR in June 1941. As you have seen, Stalin was perceived as a hero, saving the Russians from defeat by Nazi Germany. Stalin died on 5 March 1953.

The Death Of Stalin. (2:05 minutes long)

When Stalin did in 1953 there was again a struggle for power in the Politburo. A few years later Khrushchev emerged as leader of the USSR.

Stalin Dead (1953). (2:50 minutes long)

8.

As a short conclusion to our study on Stalin’s Russia, read the information indicated below as “extra reading”.

The information about “The USSR (1941-1964).” , p.59-60.

9.

What was Life Like for Women in the USSR? (14:31 minutes long)

What Life in the Soviet Union Was Like. (12:31 minutes long)

A New Soviet Woman: Myth and Reality. (18:05 minutes long)

Why International Women’s Day is so weird in Russia. (7:20 minuters long)

10.

An interesting account on Stalin’s death…

Who Killed Stalin? (46:44 minutes long)

11.

To conclude our study on Stalin’s Russia, here is a brief overview of Stalin’s life:

Joseph Stalin, Leader of the Soviet Union (1878-1953). (5:54 minutes long)

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Y11: Cold War – Resources

-1-

Who was to blame for the Cold War?

You need the following textbook information for this topic:

(Unfortunately this book is out of print – hence the online version.)

-2-

How effectively did the United States contain the spread of Communism?

You need the following textbook information for this topic:

(Unfortunately this book is out of print – hence the online version.)

-3-

How secure was the USSR’s control over Eastern Europe, 1948-c.1989?

You need the following textbook information for this topic:

(Unfortunately this book is out of print – hence the online version.)

-4-

Why did events in the gulf matter, c.1970-2000?

You need the following textbook information for this topic:

(Unfortunately this book is out of print – hence the online version.)

This channel has detailed videos on the Cold War.

This channel has detailed videos on the Origins of the Cold War.

This channel has detailed videos on the the Cold War.

MORE RESOURCES TO FOLLOW…

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Y11: 3-18. The Gulf War (1990-1991)

(WHY DID EVENTS IN THE GULF MATTER, c.1970-2000?)

This Post is under construction…

Today we are going to look at: The causes, course and consequences of the Gulf War, 1990–1991.

It has now been confirmed that all GCSE and A’ level exams have been cancelled. The Exam Boards are in the process of drawing up a protocol to provide guidance for teachers on how grades are to be awarded. In History we will continue to analyse questions, but at the same time I want you to write essays for assessment purposes.

Read the information about “The War with Japan” & the information about “Bloody Sunday”, p.5.

1.2. Cold War

Look at the following video clip. It is a brief explanation of how to answer 10-mark questions for IGCSE History – Paper 1:

(The example in this video is about a topic that you have not covered. However, the advise still applies to your 10-mark essay answers.)

IGCSE History – Paper 1: 10-mark Questions. (5:32 minutes long)

1.

Complete

The. (7:77 minutes long)

The. (7:77 minutes long)

2.

Remember to give both sides of the argument!

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Y11: 3-17. Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988)

(WHY DID EVENTS IN THE GULF MATTER, c.1970-2000?)

This Post is under construction…

Today we are going to look at: The causes and consequences of the Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988) & Western involvement in the war.

It has now been confirmed that all GCSE and A’ level exams have been cancelled. The Exam Boards are in the process of drawing up a protocol to provide guidance for teachers on how grades are to be awarded. In History we will continue to analyse questions, but at the same time I want you to write essays for assessment purposes.

Read the information about “The War with Japan” & the information about “Bloody Sunday”, p.5.

1.2. Cold War

Look at the following video clip. It is a brief explanation of how to answer 10-mark questions for IGCSE History – Paper 1:

(The example in this video is about a topic that you have not covered. However, the advise still applies to your 10-mark essay answers.)

The Iran-Iraq War: The Original Gulf War | Documentary. (40:42 minutes long

)

1.

Complete

The. (7:77 minutes long)

The. (7:77 minutes long)

2.

Remember to give both sides of the argument!

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Y11: 3-16. Iranian Revolution

(WHY DID EVENTS IN THE GULF MATTER, c.1970-2000?)

This Post is under construction…

Today we are going to look at: The nature of the Shah’s rule in Iran and the Iranian Revolution of 1979.

It has now been confirmed that all GCSE and A’ level exams have been cancelled. The Exam Boards are in the process of drawing up a protocol to provide guidance for teachers on how grades are to be awarded. In History we will continue to analyse questions, but at the same time I want you to write essays for assessment purposes.

Read the information about “The War with Japan” & the information about “Bloody Sunday”, p.5.

1.2. Cold War

Look at the following video clip. It is a brief explanation of how to answer 10-mark questions for IGCSE History – Paper 1:

(The example in this video is about a topic that you have not covered. However, the advise still applies to your 10-mark essay answers.)

IGCSE History – Paper 1: 10-mark Questions. (5:32 minutes long)

1.

Complete

The. (7:77 minutes long)

The. (7:77 minutes long)

2.

Remember to give both sides of the argument!

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Y11: 3-15. Saddam Hussein

(WHY DID EVENTS IN THE GULF MATTER, c.1970-2000?)

This Post is under construction…

Today we are going to look at:

The rise to power of Saddam Hussein in Iraq.

The rule of Saddam Hussein up to 2000, and the consequences of his rule for different groups in Iraq.

It has now been confirmed that all GCSE and A’ level exams have been cancelled. The Exam Boards are in the process of drawing up a protocol to provide guidance for teachers on how grades are to be awarded. In History we will continue to analyse questions, but at the same time I want you to write essays for assessment purposes.

Read the information about “The War with Japan” & the information about “Bloody Sunday”, p.5.

1.2. Cold War

Look at the following video clip. It is a brief explanation of how to answer 10-mark questions for IGCSE History – Paper 1:

(The example in this video is about a topic that you have not covered. However, the advise still applies to your 10-mark essay answers.)

IGCSE History – Paper 1: 10-mark Questions. (5:32 minutes long)

1.

Complete

The. (7:77 minutes long)

The. (7:77 minutes long)

2.

Remember to give both sides of the argument!

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Y11: 3-14. Gorbachev & the collapse of Communism

(HOW SECURE WAS THE USSR’s CONTROL OVER EASTERN EUROPE, 1948-c.1989?)

Today we are going to look at: Gorbachev and the collapse of Soviet control over Eastern Europe.

You need the following textbook information for this topic:

(Unfortunately this book is out of print – hence the online version.)

1.

REVISION: There was a period of detente in the 1970’s…

2.

1979 was the end of detente…

3.

Gorbachev…

But then, about 5 years later, came Gorbachev…(fortunately)!

4.

Gorbachev ends Cold War tensions

Gorbachev & the Soviet Union

Gorbachev & the Satellites

4.

Collapse of Communist Europe

Poland broke free…

HOW? With formation of Solidarity in 1980.

HOWEVER: Solidarity’s power was quickly put out…

UNTIL 1989…

More Satellites followed…

1989 – Year of Miracles

5.

Break-up of Soviet Union

Outcome for Soviet Republics

Further Impact on Europe

6.

The End of the Cold War

7.

Perestroika & Glasnost (The End of the Soviet Union). (8:57 minutes long)

8.

Brooman

Pages 42 & 47 are relevant to this study.

9.

The following notes are relevant to this study…

Mason Notes

10.

George Bush and the End of the Cold War. (7:36 minutes long)

(This video is relevant from 3:13 minutes onwards.)

Gorbachev Reforms – Perestroika and Glasnost. (15:48 minutes long)

The Collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe. (18:38 minutes long)

The Collapse of the Soviet Union. (7:44 minutes long)

How did the Cold War end? (6:49 minutes long)

The Collapse of the Soviet Union. (4:02 minutes long)

Fall of The Soviet Union Explained In 5 Minutes. (5:42 minutes long)

Why did the Soviet Union Collapse? (13:01 minutes long)

11.

Complete the following:

12.

From here onward – still under construction…

Complete

There may be more relevant videos (longer) at: GCSE INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ESSENTIAL PLAYLIST – YouTube

2.

hgfhfg

2.

Remember to give both sides of the argument!

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Y11: 3-13. “Solidarity”

(HOW SECURE WAS THE USSR’s CONTROL OVER EASTERN EUROPE, 1948-c.1989?)

Today we are going to look at: ‘Solidarity’ in Poland.

You need the following textbook information for this topic:

(Unfortunately this book is out of print – hence the online version.)

1.

The 1970 marked a period of relaxation in the Cold War. This is also known a detente.

Detente

Detente failed…

2.

Against the backdrop of detente, events in Poland (in 1980) threatened Soviet control of Eastern European countries…

What happened?

Background…

Solidarity

Reaction to Solidarity

3.

USSR’s control over Eastern Europe – Solidarity & Soviet Reforms. (10:59 minutes long)

4.

Brooman

Pages 44 & 45 are relevant to this study.

5.

The following notes are relevant to this study…

Mason Notes

6.

Solidarity Movement in Poland 1970-80s. (2:04 minutes long)

Poland commemorates 40th anniversary of SOLIDARITY MOVEMENT. (3:12 minutes long)

Solidarity in Poland. (6:09 minutes long)

7.

From here onward – still under construction…

The. (7:77 minutes long)

Complete

There may be more relevant videos (longer) at: GCSE INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ESSENTIAL PLAYLIST – YouTube

2.

hgfhfg

2.

Remember to give both sides of the argument!

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Y11: 3-12. The Berlin Wall

(HOW SECURE WAS THE USSR’s CONTROL OVER EASTERN EUROPE, 1948-c.1989?)

Today we are going to look at: The Berlin Wall.

You need the following textbook information for this topic:

(Unfortunately this book is out of print – hence the online version.)

1.

In the early hours of 13 August 1961 Soviet “shock-workers” closed the border between East Berlin and the Western sectors of Berlin by putting barbed wire across the streets. Three days later they began to replace the barbed wire with a wall of concrete blocks… This was the beginning of a heavily fortified barrier that would separate East Berlin from West Berlin for the next 28 years!

What happened?

Berlin – background…

The Berlin Blockade

Two Germanies…

Berlin remained divided…

West Germany – economic recovery

East Germany – economic recovery

Gap in the Iron Curtain…

Building a Wall…

Contrasting Views of the Wall:

Contrasting Lives behind the Wall:

2.

USSR’s control over Eastern Europe – Berlin Wall. (12:00 minutes long)

3.

For more background information…

Berlin tensions 1945-1961. (5:04 minutes long)

The Berlin Crisis 1958 and the Berlin Wall 1961. (4:26 minutes long)

4.

Brooman

Pages 36 & 37 are relevant to this study.

5.

The following notes are relevant to this study…

Mason Notes

6.

Berlin Wall. (5:12 minutes long)

The rise and fall of the Berlin Wall. (6:25 minutes long)

The Berlin Wall Explained. (4:35 minutes long)

7.

From here onward – still under construction…

The. (7:77 minutes long)

1.

Complete

There may be more relevant videos (longer) at: GCSE INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ESSENTIAL PLAYLIST – YouTube

2.

hgfhfg

2.

Remember to give both sides of the argument!

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Y11: 3-11. Czechoslovakia (1968)

(HOW SECURE WAS THE USSR’s CONTROL OVER EASTERN EUROPE, 1948-c.1989?)

Today we are going to look at: Resistance to Soviet power in Czechoslovakia (1968).

You need the following textbook information for this topic:

(Unfortunately this book is out of print – hence the online version.)

1.

What happened?

Soviet Control – background…

Czech-Leadership: Novotny

Dubcek & “Prague Spring”:

Soviet Reaction:

Invasion of Czechoslovakia…

New Leadership?

Brezhnev Doctrine

2.

USSR’s control over Eastern Europe – Hungary & Czechoslovakia (13:59 minutes long)

3.

Complete the following:

4.

1968: How The Soviet Union Crushed The Prague Spring. (4:39 minutes long)

5.

Brooman

Pages 38 & 39 are relevant to this study.

6.

The following notes are relevant to this study…

Mason Notes

7.

The Prague Spring 1968 & the Crisis in Czechoslovakia. (7:12 minutes long)

1968 Invasion of Prague. (5:31 minutes long)

What was the Prague Spring? (6:15 minutes long)

8.

From here onward – still under construction…

The. (7:77 minutes long)

Complete

There may be more relevant videos (longer) at: GCSE INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ESSENTIAL PLAYLIST – YouTube

2.

—-hgfhfg—-

2.

Remember to give both sides of the argument!

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Y11: 3-10. Hungary (1956)

(HOW SECURE WAS THE USSR’s CONTROL OVER EASTERN EUROPE, 1948-c.1989?)

Today we are going to look at: Resistance to Soviet power in Hungary (1956).

You need the following textbook information for this topic:

(Unfortunately this book is out of print – hence the online version.)

1.

USSR’s control over Eastern Europe – Introduction. (8:00 minutes long)

2.

What happened?

Soviet Control – background…

Comecon & Warsaw Pact

Dislike of Soviet Control

Hopes for reduced control

Hopes increased further…

The Revolution began…

Soviet Reaction:

3.

Hungarian Uprising, Budapest (1956). (2:50 minutes long)

4.

Something else that may be relevant…

Cardinal József Mindszenty, the highest Catholic official in Hungary, was convicted of treason and sentenced to life imprisonment by the Communist People’s Court (Feb.1949). He was accused of anti-government activities. Outraged observers in Western Europe and the United States condemned both the trial and Mindszenty’s conviction as “perversions” and “lynchings.”

The case was significant in demonstrating the depth of the anticommunist movement in Hungary. In 1956, Mindszenty was released when a reformist government took power in Hungary. Shortly thereafter, Soviet troops entered Hungary to put down anticommunist protests. Mindszenty took refuge in the U.S. embassy in Budapest and stayed inside the embassy grounds until 1971. That year he was recalled by the Vatican and settled in Vienna, where he died in 1975.

You can read the full article here:

Cardenal Mindszenty

5.

Brooman

Pages 34 & 35 are relevant to this study.

6.

The following notes are relevant to this study…

Mason Notes

The above notes mention that the West was “distracted by the Suez Crisis”. Below is a brief explanation as to what the Suez Crisis was…

The 1956 Suez Crisis – a Short Animated Documentary. (3:42 minutes long)

If you are interested, you can read more about he Suez Crisis here:

7.

The Cold War: The Hungarian Revolution 1956. (4:18 minutes long)

How did the Soviet Union take over countries in Eastern Europe?

How Sovietization of Czechoslovakia & Hungary Happened. (15:08 minutes long)

(detailed – extension video)

Hungarian Revolution of 1956. (18:38 minutes long)

Khrushchev ; Eastern Europe & the Hungarian Revolution (1953-1956). (3:44 minutes long)

Hungarian Revolution, 1956. (5:35 minutes long)

What was life like under Communism? The story of a Hungarian. (17:14 minutes long)

8.

From here onward – still under construction…

gg

1.

There may be more relevant videos (longer) at: GCSE INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ESSENTIAL PLAYLIST – YouTube

Remember to give both sides of the argument!

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Y11: 3-9. Case Study III – Korea

(HOW EFFECTIVELY DID THE UNITED STATES CONTAIN THE SPREAD OF COMMUNISM?)

This Post is under construction…

You need the following textbook information for this topic:

(Unfortunately this book is out of print – hence the online version.)

Today we are going to look at: American reactions to North Korea’s invasion of South Korea, involvement of the UN, course of the war to 1953.

It has now been confirmed that all GCSE and A’ level exams have been cancelled. The Exam Boards are in the process of drawing up a protocol to provide guidance for teachers on how grades are to be awarded. In History we will continue to analyse questions, but at the same time I want you to write essays for assessment purposes.

Read the information about “The War with Japan” & the information about “Bloody Sunday”, p.5.

1.

2. Cold War

Look at the following video clip. It is a brief explanation of how to answer 10-mark questions for IGCSE History – Paper 1:

(The example in this video is about a topic that you have not covered. However, the advise still applies to your 10-mark essay answers.)

The Korean War. (7:34 minutes long)

1.

The Korean War – Causes of the Korean War. (7:39 minutes long)

The Korean War – Events of the Korean War. (5:38 minutes long)

Complete

Add more relevant videos from: GCSE INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ESSENTIAL PLAYLIST – YouTube

The Korean War. (13:06 minutes long)

2.

hgfhfg

Brooman

Chapters 77 & 77 are relevant to this study.

The following notes are relevant to this study…

Mason Notes

2.

Remember to give both sides of the argument!

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Y11: 3-8. Case Study II – Vietnam

(HOW EFFECTIVELY DID THE UNITED STATES CONTAIN THE SPREAD OF COMMUNISM?)

This Post is under construction…

You need the following textbook information for this topic:

(Unfortunately this book is out of print – hence the online version.)

Today we are going to look at: American involvement in the Vietnam War, e.g. reasons for involvement, tactics/strategy, reasons for withdrawal.

It has now been confirmed that all GCSE and A’ level exams have been cancelled. The Exam Boards are in the process of drawing up a protocol to provide guidance for teachers on how grades are to be awarded. In History we will continue to analyse questions, but at the same time I want you to write essays for assessment purposes.

Read the information about “The War with Japan” & the information about “Bloody Sunday”, p.5.

1.

2. Cold War

Look at the following video clip. It is a brief explanation of how to answer 10-mark questions for IGCSE History – Paper 1:

(The example in this video is about a topic that you have not covered. However, the advise still applies to your 10-mark essay answers.)

The Vietnam War Begins. (5:05 minutes long)

Escalation in Vietnam. (9:18 minutes long)

Nixon and Vietnamization. (8:52 minutes long)

1.

North Vietnam and Ho Chi Minh. (3:58 minutes long)

Diem in South Vietnam – Hamlet Program, Buddhist Crisis & Assassination. (7:12 minutes long)

Lyndon Johnson and the Vietnam War. (5:08 minutes long)

Vietnam War – Strengths & Weaknesses of the US & North Vietnam. (6:39 minutes long)

Vietnam War – The Tet Offensive. (3:57 minutes long)

Nixon in Vietnam – Vietnamisation, Cambodia & Invasion of Laos. (7:26 minutes long)

Impacts of the Vietnam War – USA, Vietnam and Cambodia. (6:08 minutes long)

Complete

Add more relevant videos from: GCSE INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ESSENTIAL PLAYLIST – YouTube

Escalating US Involvement in Vietnam 1954-1965. (7:40 minutes long)

The Tet Offensive 1968. (8:50 minutes long)

Vietnamization, US withdrawal & Fall of the South 1968-75. (9:42 minutes long)

2.

hgfhfg

Brooman

Chapters 77 & 77 are relevant to this study.

The following notes are relevant to this study…

Mason Notes

2.

Remember to give both sides of the argument!

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Y11: 3-7. Case Study I – Cuba

(HOW EFFECTIVELY DID THE UNITED STATES CONTAIN THE SPREAD OF COMMUNISM?)

This Post is under construction…

You need the following textbook information for this topic:

(Unfortunately this book is out of print – hence the online version.)

Today we are going to look at: American reactions to the Cuban revolution, including the missile crisis and its aftermath

It has now been confirmed that all GCSE and A’ level exams have been cancelled. The Exam Boards are in the process of drawing up a protocol to provide guidance for teachers on how grades are to be awarded. In History we will continue to analyse questions, but at the same time I want you to write essays for assessment purposes.

Read the information about “The War with Japan” & the information about “Bloody Sunday”, p.5.

1.

2. Cold War

Look at the following video clip. It is a brief explanation of how to answer 10-mark questions for IGCSE History – Paper 1:

(The example in this video is about a topic that you have not covered. However, the advise still applies to your 10-mark essay answers.)

The Cuban Missile Crisis. (6:25 minutes long)

1.

Causes of the Cuban Missile Crisis – Part 1. (7:19 minutes long)

Events of the Cuban Missile Crisis – Part 2. (7:57 minutes long)

Complete

The Cuban Missile Crisis. (14:46 minutes long)

Add more relevant videos from: GCSE INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ESSENTIAL PLAYLIST – YouTube

2.

hgfhfg

Brooman

Chapters 77 & 77 are relevant to this study.

The following notes are relevant to this study…

Mason Notes

2.

Remember to give both sides of the argument!

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Y11: 3-6. Containment

(HOW EFFECTIVELY DID THE UNITED STATES CONTAIN THE SPREAD OF COMMUNISM?)

This Post is under construction…

You need the following textbook information for this topic:

(Unfortunately this book is out of print – hence the online version.)

Today we are going to look at: Containment and some events of the Cold War

Job 08-A2-294 Master Poster File 306-PPA-181

It has now been confirmed that all GCSE and A’ level exams have been cancelled. The Exam Boards are in the process of drawing up a protocol to provide guidance for teachers on how grades are to be awarded. In History we will continue to analyse questions, but at the same time I want you to write essays for assessment purposes.

Read the information about “The War with Japan” & the information about “Bloody Sunday”, p.5.

1.2. Cold War

Look at the following video clip. It is a brief explanation of how to answer 10-mark questions for IGCSE History – Paper 1:

(The example in this video is about a topic that you have not covered. However, the advise still applies to your 10-mark essay answers.)

Questions. (5:32 minutes long)

The. (7:77 minutes long)

The. (7:77 minutes long)

1.

Complete

Add more relevant videos from: GCSE INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ESSENTIAL PLAYLIST – YouTube

2.

hgfhfg

Brooman

Chapters 77 & 77 are relevant to this study.

The following notes are relevant to this study…

Mason Notes

2.

Remember to give both sides of the argument!

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Y11: 3-5. NATO & the Warsaw Pact

(WHO WAS TO BLAME FOR THE COLD WAR?)

This Post is under construction…

You need the following textbook information for this topic:

(Unfortunately this book is out of print – hence the online version.)

Today we are going to look at: NATO and the Warsaw Pact

14th December 1957: The opening speech at the NATO Summit talks in Paris. (Photo by Reg Birkett/Keystone/Getty Images)

It has now been confirmed that all GCSE and A’ level exams have been cancelled. The Exam Boards are in the process of drawing up a protocol to provide guidance for teachers on how grades are to be awarded. In History we will continue to analyse questions, but at the same time I want you to write essays for assessment purposes.

Read the information about “The War with Japan” & the information about “Bloody Sunday”, p.5.

1.2. Cold War

Look at the following video clip. It is a brief explanation of how to answer 10-mark questions for IGCSE History – Paper 1:

(The example in this video is about a topic that you have not covered. However, the advise still applies to your 10-mark essay answers.)

The Formation of NATO. (3:15 minutes long)

The. (7:77 minutes long)

1.

Complete

Who was to Blame for the Cold War?. (12:34 minutes long)

Add more relevant videos from: GCSE INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ESSENTIAL PLAYLIST – YouTube

2.

hgfhfg

Brooman

Chapters 77 & 77 are relevant to this study.

The following notes are relevant to this study…

Mason Notes

2.

Remember to give both sides of the argument!

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Y11: 3-4. Berlin Blockade

(WHO WAS TO BLAME FOR THE COLD WAR?)

This Post is under construction…

You need the following textbook information for this topic:

(Unfortunately this book is out of print – hence the online version.)

Today we are going to look at: The occupation of Germany and the Berlin Blockade.

It has now been confirmed that all GCSE and A’ level exams have been cancelled. The Exam Boards are in the process of drawing up a protocol to provide guidance for teachers on how grades are to be awarded. In History we will continue to analyse questions, but at the same time I want you to write essays for assessment purposes.

Read the information about “The War with Japan” & the information about “Bloody Sunday”, p.5.

1.

2. Cold War

Look at the following video clip. It is a brief explanation of how to answer 10-mark questions for IGCSE History – Paper 1:

(The example in this video is about a topic that you have not covered. However, the advise still applies to your 10-mark essay answers.)

The Four Zones of Post-War Germany – Britain, America, France & USSR. (6:52 minutes long)

The. (5:45 minutes long)

The Berlin Blockade. (3:52 minutes long)

How to answer a 4 mark Cold War source question. (3:07 minutes long)

1.

Complete

the Berlin Blockade. (12:51 minutes long)

Add more relevant videos from: GCSE INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ESSENTIAL PLAYLIST – YouTube

2.

hgfhfg

Brooman

Chapters 77 & 77 are relevant to this study.

The following notes are relevant to this study…

Mason Notes

2.

Remember to give both sides of the argument!

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Y11: 3-3. Soviet Expansion into Eastern Europe

(WHO WAS TO BLAME FOR THE COLD WAR?)

This Post is under construction…

Mason Notes

You need the following textbook information for this topic:

(Unfortunately this book is out of print – hence the online version.)

Today we are going to look at: Soviet expansion into Eastern Europe to 1948, and American reactions to it.

It has now been confirmed that all GCSE and A’ level exams have been cancelled. The Exam Boards are in the process of drawing up a protocol to provide guidance for teachers on how grades are to be awarded. In History we will continue to analyse questions, but at the same time I want you to write essays for assessment purposes.

Read the information about “The War with Japan” & the information about “Bloody Sunday”, p.5.

1.

Communist takeover of Eastern Europe 1945-48. (12:28 minutes long)

2. Cold War

Look at the following video clip. It is a brief explanation of how to answer 10-mark questions for IGCSE History – Paper 1:

(The example in this video is about a topic that you have not covered. However, the advise still applies to your 10-mark essay answers.)

Stalin’s Actions in Eastern Europe 1945-1948. (13:07 minutes long)

George Kennan’s Long Telegram & Churchill’s Iron Curtain Speech. (5:41 minutes long)

The. (7:77 minutes long)

1.

Complete

USSR control over Eastern Europe. (13:21 minutes long)

Add more relevant videos from: GCSE INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ESSENTIAL PLAYLIST – YouTube

2.

hgfhfg

Brooman

Chapters 77 & 77 are relevant to this study.

The following notes are relevant to this study…

Mason Notes

Mason Notes

2.

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Y11: 3-2. Origins of the Cold War

(WHO WAS TO BLAME FOR THE COLD WAR?)

This Post is under construction…

You need the following textbook information for this topic:

(Unfortunately this book is out of print – hence the online version.)

Today we are going to look at:

The Origins of the Cold War &

The 1945 summit conferences and the breakdown of the US-Soviet alliance in 1945-1946…

It has now been confirmed that all GCSE and A’ level exams have been cancelled. The Exam Boards are in the process of drawing up a protocol to provide guidance for teachers on how grades are to be awarded. In History we will continue to analyse questions, but at the same time I want you to write essays for assessment purposes.

Read the information about “The War with Japan” & the information about “Bloody Sunday”, p.5.

1

.2. Cold War

Look at the following video clip.

How did the cold war begin? (3:32 minutes long)

Objective 7.2- The Cold War Begins. (8:43 minutes long)

1.

The Yalta Conference. (11:26 minutes long)

The Potsdam Conference 1945 – Truman, Attlee and Stalin. (8:47 minutes long)

The Greek Civil War. (4:16 minutes long)

The Truman Doctrine. (3:28 minutes long)

Cominform and Comecon. (3:31 minutes long)

The Marshall Plan. (7:11 minutes long)

Complete

From here onward – still under construction…

Add more relevant videos from: GCSE INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ESSENTIAL PLAYLIST – YouTube

Breakdown of the Alliance & the Cold War. (13:20 minutes long)

The Yalta Agreement. (10:35 minutes long)

The Potsdam Agreement. (8:56 minutes long)

The Truman Doctrine & the Marshall Plan. (15:26 minutes long)

2.

hgfhfg

Brooman

Chapters 77 & 77 are relevant to this study.

The following notes are relevant to this study…

Mason Notes

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Y11: 3-1. What was the Cold War?

(AN INTRODUCTION)

What was the Cold War?

  • The fought each other’s allies.
  • They helped their allies to fight each other.
  • They gave help to opposing sides in civil wars.
  • The USA used armed force to get rid of pro-Soviet governments.
  • The USSR used armed force to enforce pro-Soviet governments.

More characteristics of the Cold War:

The Super Powers also:

  • fought a propaganda war, trying to damage each other’s reputation & improve their own
  • competed in various fields
  • used espionage to try to keep a step ahead of each other

The Super Powers competed against each other – for example:

  • arms race: to develop more and more powerful weapons
  • space race: to see who can first land on the moon
  • sciences: to advance science and technology
  • sport: to receive most medals at the Olympic Games

The diagram below shows examples of methods used by the Super Powers to “fight” each other in the Cold War:

1.

Cold War Review. (7:16 minutes long)

2.

Look at the following video clip. It is a brief overview of the entire Cold War history:

(For the Paper 2 examination you do not have to know all these details.)

The Cold War Explained In 15 Minutes. (16:55 minutes long)

3.

Super Power hostility was rooted in:

  • mistrust (starting years before when Russia left WW1)
  • contrasting political systems (democracy vs. dictatorship)
  • contrasting economic systems (capitalism vs. communism)
  • fears of Russian expansion – post war doubts about each side’s intentions

The diagram below shows how life in East contrasted to life in the West:

4.

Ideological Differences – Capitalism vs Communism. (5:36 minutes long)

5.

The following notes are relevant to this study…

Mason Notes

6.

Cold war background. (2:31 minutes long)

7.

Brooman

Chapters 1 & 2 (pages 2-5) are relevant to this study.

8.

From here onward – still under construction…

Add more relevant videos from: GCSE INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ESSENTIAL PLAYLIST – YouTube

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